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| c. 1200 |
| | Flemish towns begin to acquire municipal independence, as communes, following the earlier Italian trend | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | France becomes the first kingdom to establish a permanent parliament when Louis IX reserves a chamber in his palace for quarterly sessions | |
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| 1294 |
| | The first open-air democratic assembly, later characteristic of the Swiss cantons, is held in Schwyz | |
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| 1295 |
| | The parliament summoned by Edward I in Westminster Hall is later seen as a 'model' for the breadth of its representation | |
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| 1297 |
| | The English government in Dublin calls a parliament on the lines of England's recent Model Parliament | |
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| 1302 |
| | The estates-general of France gather for the first time, in Notre Dame, to consider the king's relationship with the pope | |
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| 1320 |
| | The leading role of Schwyz in the victory at Morgarten causes the independent cantons to become informally known as the Swiss confederation | |
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| 1347 |
| | Cola di Rienzo, appointed tribune of the people, enjoys a few months of dictatorial powers in Rome before the citizens tire of him | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | The Swedish Riksdag includes peasants as a fourth estate, alongside clergy, nobles and burghers | |
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| 1463 |
| | The assembly brought together in Bruges in 1463 is later seen as the first full gathering of the Netherlands States-General | |
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